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Polyethyleneimine(PEI no ka pōkole), me ka helu CAS o 9002-98-6, he polymer cationic wai-soluble. ʻO kona hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi, ʻo ia ka waiwai o kona kaulahao molekala i ka nui o nā hui amino (nā amine mua, nā amine lua, a me nā amine tertiary). Hoʻoholo kēia ʻano i kona alkalinity ikaika, ka reactivity kiʻekiʻe, a me nā waiwai physicochemical kū hoʻokahi. Loaʻa i ka Polyethyleneimine ka waiwai hoʻohana hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ma nā ʻano he nui.

I. ʻIke Kumu: ʻAno a me ka Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana

1. ʻAno kemika

ʻO ke anakahi hana hou o PEI ʻo -CH₂CH₂NH-, a ʻo nā hui amino ma kona kaulahao molekala e hāʻawi iā ia i nā waiwai cationic ikaika (pKa≈10) - ʻoiai ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlike ʻole a nāwaliwali paha ka waikawa, hiki ke protonated nā hui amino (-NH₂→-NH₃⁺), ʻo ia ke kumu nui o kona solubility wai, ka hiki ke complexation a me ka adsorption ʻili.

Ma muli o nā ʻano hana like ʻole, ua māhele ʻia lākou i ʻelua mau ʻāpana nui:

ʻO ka polyethyleneimine linear (L-PEI): He linear ke kaulahao molekala, me nā amine lua ma ke ʻano he hui amino nui (ma kahi o 90%), a haʻahaʻa ka hapa o nā amine mua a me ke kolu. He haiki ka hoʻolaha nui o ka molekala pili, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻemaʻe.

ʻO ka polyethyleneimine lālā (B-PEI): Loaʻa i ke kaulahao molekala kahi nui o nā kaulahao ʻaoʻao, me kahi ʻāpana kaulike o nā amines mua (≈25%), nā amines lua (≈50%), a me nā amines tertiary (≈25%), a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka reactivity. ʻO ia ke ʻano i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ka ʻoihana.

2. Nā waiwai kino koʻikoʻi

Ii. Nā Hiʻohiʻona Koʻikoʻi: No ke aha i hoʻohana nui ʻia ai ʻo PEI?

ʻO ka waiwai cationic ikaika a me ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia: ʻO ka hui amino ma hope o ka protonation e lawe i kahi uku maikaʻi a hiki ke hana i nā paʻakikī paʻa me nā mea i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia (e like me DNA, RNA, nā dyes anionic, nā pālolo, a me nā ion metala), ʻo ia ke ʻano nui o kāna hana i ka lawe ʻana i nā gene, ka mālama ʻana i ka wai, a me ka adsorption metala.

Ka hana hoʻololi kiʻekiʻe: Hiki i nā hui Amino (ʻoi aku hoʻi nā amine mua) ke komo i nā ʻano hana like ʻole (e like me ka hoʻohui ʻana o Michael, ka wehe ʻana o ke apo epoxy, ka acylation, nā hana crosslinking), a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mau mea crosslinking a me nā mea hoʻololi e hana i ka ʻili o ka mea.

ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wai a me ka waiwai hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni: ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi ʻana i ka wai e maʻalahi ai ke hana. Ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana, hiki iā ia ke hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni mānoanoa, a loaʻa i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni kekahi mau waiwai hoʻopili a me nā waiwai pale.

ʻO ka alkalinity ikaika: ʻO ka nui o nā hui amino i loko o ka molekala e hoʻolilo i kāna hopena wai i alkaline ikaika (pH≈10 a 12), a hiki iā ia ke hana i nā hopena neutralization me nā mea waikawa.

ʻIii.He aha ka mea e hoʻohana ʻia ai ka polyethylenimine(Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā hiʻohiʻona koi

1. Kahua biomedical (Core: Nā vectors lawe Gene

ʻO PEI kekahi o nā vectors gene non-viral i hoʻohana nui ʻia i kēia manawa:

Kumu Hoʻokumu ka Cationic PEI a me ka anionic DNA/RNA i kahi "paʻakikī PEI-nucleic acid" ma o ka launa pū ʻana o ka electrostatic, ʻaʻole ia e pale wale i nā waikawa nucleic mai ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia e nā nucleases akā hiki iā lākou ke komo i nā cell ma o ka endocytosis. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka "hopena proton sponge" o PEI (ka omo ʻana i nā protons i loko o ke cell ma hope o ka protonation) ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka vesicle rupture hiki ke hoʻolaha i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā waikawa nucleic i loko o ka cytoplasm;

Hoʻohana: ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau Gene (e like me ka lawe ʻana i ka gene no nā ʻōpū a me nā maʻi genetic), ka lawe ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau nucleic acid, nā hoʻokolohua transfection cell (ka mea hoʻohui transfection PEI i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā keʻena hoʻokolohua);

Nānā: Loaʻa i ka PEI kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe o ka cytotoxicity. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka PEI i hoʻololi ʻia me ka haʻahaʻa o ka toxicity (e like me ka PEI i hoʻololi ʻia me ka peG a me nā nanoparticles PEI i hoʻopili ʻia).

2. Kahua mālama wai (Core: Flocculants, Adsorbents)

Flocculant: ʻO ka waiwai cationic oPolyethylenimine PEIhiki ke hoʻopau i nā ʻāpana i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia i loko o ka wai (e like me ke one, nā mea olaola, a me nā bacteria), e hōʻuluʻulu ana a hoʻonoho i nā ʻāpana. Hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka wai inu a me ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino ʻoihana (e like me ka paʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana, ka wai ʻino hana pepa), kūpono loa no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino me ka turbidity kiʻekiʻe a me ka nui o nā mea olaola.

ʻO ka mea hoʻopili Hiki i ka hui amino o Polyethylenimine PEI ke hana i nā pilina hoʻohui me nā ion metala kaumaha (e like me Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cr⁶⁺, Pb²⁺), a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka wehe ʻana i nā metala kaumaha i loko o ka wai hoʻoneoneo ʻoihana. Hiki ke hana ʻia i mau mea adsorption i hoʻololi ʻia e polyethylenimine (e like me ke kalapona i hoʻāla ʻia e PEI, PEI-nanofibers) e hoʻonui i ka hiki ke adsorption.

3. Kahua o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻili o nā mea (Core: Functional Modification)

Hoʻololi Pepa/Fiber: Hiki i ka mālama ʻana o ka pepa me ka Polyethylenimine PEI ke hoʻonui i kona ikaika pulu, ke kūpaʻa i ka wai a me ka hiki ke paʻi ʻia (ma o ke keʻa ʻana me nā hui hydroxyl ma ka ʻili fiber), a hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i ka pepa kūikawā (e like me ka pepa ʻōpala, pepa kānana).

Ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili metala: Hiki i ka Polyethylenimine ke hana i kahi ʻili pale ma ka ʻili metala, e hoʻonui ana i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka metala i ka pala, a hiki ke lawelawe pū ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻolaha pipili no nā uhi metala.

Hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea Polymer: Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo PEI ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopili a i ʻole compatibilizer e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻohālikelike a me ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā polymers (e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka polyurethane a me nā resins epoxy), a i ʻole e hoʻoikaika i ka hydrophilicity o nā mea (e like me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni polyolefin i hoʻololi ʻia e PEI).

4. Nā noi ʻoihana ʻē aʻe

Nā mea hoʻopili a me nā mea hoʻopaʻa: Hiki i ka hui amino o PEI ke hana i nā hopena hoʻopili me nā aldehydes, isocyanates, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻōla no nā mea hoʻopili wai. Hoʻohana ʻia ka Polyethylenimine no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lāʻau, ka pepa, a me ka metala, me ka ikaika hoʻopili kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa wai maikaʻi.

ʻOihana kala a me ka pigment: Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Polyethylenimine PEI ma ke ʻano he fixative no nā dyes cationic (ʻoi aku hoʻi no ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana i nā fibers kūlohelohe e like me ka pulupulu a me ka silika), e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka holoi ʻana o nā dyes; Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Polyethylenimine ma ke ʻano he pigment dispersant e pale aku i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka pigment.

Ka unuhi ʻana i ka ʻaila: Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo PEI i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai o ka ʻaila (e like me ka pani ʻana o ka wai a me nā mea hoʻomalu profile), a i ʻole he mea hoʻohui wai wili e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kūpaʻa o nā wai wili.

Ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kaumaha molekala (ke kaumaha molekala haʻahaʻa, ka ʻawahia haʻahaʻa; ke kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe, ka hana kiʻekiʻe), ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana (linear vs. branched), a me nā ʻano hoʻololi (peG-ylation, cross-linking, a me ka compounding) opolyethylenimine, hiki ke hoʻonui hou ʻia kāna noi ma nā kahua kiʻekiʻe (e like me ka lawe ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i kuhikuhi ʻia a me nā mea hana kūikawā).