nūhou

I loko o ka ʻoihana kemika, aia ʻelua huahana me nā inoa like loa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka waikawa glyoxylic a me ka waikawa glycolic. ʻAʻole hiki i ka poʻe ke hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou. I kēia lā, e nānā pū kākou i kēia mau huahana ʻelua. ʻO ka waikawa Glyoxylic a me ka waikawa glycolic ʻelua mau hui organik me nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ke ʻano a me nā waiwai. ʻO ko lākou ʻokoʻa nui ma ke ʻano molekala, nā waiwai kemika, nā waiwai kino a me nā noi, penei:

He ʻokoʻa ke ʻano a me ka haku mele ʻana o nā molekala

ʻO kēia ka ʻokoʻa nui loa ma waena o nā mea ʻelua, ka mea e hoʻoholo pololei ai i nā ʻokoʻa o nā waiwai ʻē aʻe.

ʻAkika Glyoxylic

ʻO CAS 298-12-4, me ke ʻano kemika C2H2O3 a me ke ʻano hoʻonohonoho HOOC-CHO, aia i loko o ʻelua mau hui hana - ka hui carboxyl (-COOH) a me ka hui aldehyde (-CHO), a no ka papa hui aldehyde acid.

ʻAkika Glycolic

ʻO CAS 79-14-1, me ke ʻano kemika C2H4O3 a me ke ʻano hoʻonohonoho HOOC-CH2OH, aia i loko ʻelua mau hui hana - ka hui carboxyl (-COOH) a me ka hui hydroxyl (-OH), a no ka papa α -hydroxy acid o nā hui.

ʻOkoʻa nā ʻano molekala o nā mea ʻelua e ʻelua mau ʻātoma hydrogen (H2), a ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma nā hui hana (hui aldehyde vs. hui hydroxyl) ka ʻokoʻa nui.

Nā ʻano kemika like ʻole

ʻO nā ʻokoʻa o nā hui hana e alakaʻi i nā ʻano kemika like ʻole ma waena o nā mea ʻelua:

Nā ʻano owaikawa glyoxylic(ma muli o ke alo o nā hui aldehyde):

Loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai hōʻemi ikaika: hiki ke hoʻomake maʻalahi ʻia ka hui aldehyde a hiki ke hana i kahi hopena aniani kālā me ka hopena ammonia kālā, e pane me ka hoʻokuʻu keleawe hydroxide i hoʻomākaukau hou ʻia e hana i kahi precipitate brick-red (cuprous oxide), a hiki ke hoʻomake ʻia i ka waikawa oxalic e nā oxidants e like me ka potassium permanganate a me ka hydrogen peroxide.

Hiki i nā hui aldehyde ke hana i nā hopena hoʻohui: no ka laʻana, hiki iā lākou ke hana me ka hydrogen e hana i ka waikawa glycolic (he ʻano pilina hoʻololi kēia ma waena o nā mea ʻelua).

Nā ʻano o ka waikawa glycolic (ma muli o ke alo o nā hui hydroxyl):

He nucleophilic nā hui Hydroxyl: hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā hopena esterification intramolecular a intermolecular paha me nā hui carboxyl e hana i nā esters cyclic a i ʻole polyesters (e like me ka polyglycolic acid, kahi mea polymer degradable).

Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā hui Hydroxyl: akā naʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka oxidation ma mua o nā hui aldehyde i loko o ka waikawa glyoxylic, a pono kahi oxidant ikaika (e like me ka potassium dichromate) e hoʻoheheʻe i nā hui hydroxyl i nā hui aldehyde a i ʻole nā ​​​​hui carboxyl.

ʻO ka waikawa o ka hui carboxyl: Loaʻa i nā mea ʻelua nā hui carboxyl a he waikawa. Eia nō naʻe, he nāwaliwali ka hopena hāʻawi uila o ka hui hydroxyl o ka waikawa glycolic ma ka hui carboxyl, a ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o kona waikawa ma mua o ka waikawa glycolic (glycolic acid pKa≈3.18, glycolic acid pKa≈3.83).

Nā ʻano kino like ʻole

Moku'āina a me ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia:

Hoʻoheheʻe koke ʻia i ka wai a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik polar (e like me ka ethanol), akā ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ka polarity molekala, ʻokoʻa iki ko lākou solubilities (ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka polarity o ka waikawa glyoxylic a ʻoi aku ka solubility kiʻekiʻe i ka wai).

Kiko heheʻe

ʻO ke kiko heheʻe o ka waikawa glyoxylic ma kahi o 98 ℃, ʻoiai ʻo ka waikawa glycolic ma kahi o 78-79 ℃. Loaʻa ka ʻokoʻa mai nā mana intermolecular (ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hui aldehyde o ka waikawa glyoxylic e hana i nā pilina hydrogen me ka hui carboxyl).

Nā noi like ʻole

ʻAkika Glyoxylic

Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ka ʻoihana synthesis organik, e like me ka synthesis o vanillin (mea ʻono), allantoin (kahi waena lāʻau lapaʻau no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ho'ōla ʻana o ka ʻeha), p-hydroxyphenylglycine (kahi waena antibiotic), a pēlā aku. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i nā hopena electroplating a i ʻole i nā mea hoʻonani (e hoʻohana ana i kona mau waiwai hōʻemi a me antioxidant). Nā huahana mālama lauoho: Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa, kōkua ia i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā kaula lauoho i hōʻino ʻia a hoʻonui i ka luster lauoho (pono e hui pū ʻia me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hōʻemi i ka huhū).

ʻAkika Glycolic

Ma ke ʻano he α-hydroxy acid (AHA), ʻo kāna hoʻohana nui ʻana ma ke kahua o nā huahana mālama ʻili. Hana ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe (ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui ma waena o ka stratum corneum o ka ʻili e paipai i ka hoʻokahe ʻana o ka ʻili make), hoʻomaikaʻi i nā pilikia e like me ka ʻili ʻino a me nā māka ʻākena. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi ia i ka ʻoihana lole (ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokeʻokeʻo), nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe (no ka wehe ʻana i ka unahi), a i ka hana ʻana o nā plastics degradable (polyglycolic acid).

ʻO ke ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā mea ʻelua mai nā hui hana: loaʻa i ka waikawa glyoxylic kahi hui aldehyde (me nā waiwai hoʻemi ikaika, hoʻohana ʻia i ka synthesis organik), a loaʻa i ka waikawa glycolic kahi hui hydroxyl (hiki ke esterified, hoʻohana ʻia i ka mālama ʻili a me nā kahua mea). Mai ke ʻano a i ke ʻano a laila i ka hoʻohana ʻana, hōʻike lākou āpau i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma muli o kēia ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi.