I loko o ka ʻoihana kemika, ʻelua mau huahana me nā inoa like loa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka waikawa glyoxylic a me ka waikawa glycolic. ʻAʻole hiki i nā kānaka ke hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou. I kēia lā, e nānā pū kākou i kēia mau huahana ʻelua. ʻO Glyoxylic acid a me glycolic acid ʻelua mau mea hoʻohuihui me nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ke ʻano a me nā waiwai. Aia ko lākou ʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano molekala, nā waiwai kemika, nā waiwai kino a me nā noi, penei:
He ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ka molekala a me ka haku mele
ʻO kēia ka ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā mea ʻelua, kahi e hoʻoholo pololei ai i nā ʻokoʻa o nā waiwai ʻē aʻe.
ʻO CAS 298-12-4, me ke ʻano kemika C2H2O3 a me ke kumu hoʻohālike HOOC-CHO, aia ʻelua mau pūʻulu hana - ka pūʻulu carboxyl (-COOH) a me ka pūʻulu aldehyde (-CHO), a no ka papa ʻakika aldehyde o nā pūhui.
ʻO CAS 79-14-1, me ke ʻano kemika C2H4O3 a me ke kumu hoʻohālike HOOC-CH2OH, aia ʻelua mau pūʻulu hana - ka pūʻulu carboxyl (-COOH) a me ka pūʻulu hydroxyl (-OH), a no ka papa α -hydroxy acid o nā pūhui.
ʻOkoʻa nā ʻano molekala o nā mea ʻelua e nā mana hydrogen ʻelua (H2), a ʻo ka ʻokoʻa o nā pūʻulu hana (pūʻulu aldehyde vs. pūʻulu hydroxyl) ʻo ia ka ʻokoʻa.
Nā waiwai kemika ʻokoʻa
ʻO nā ʻokoʻa o nā hui hana e alakaʻi i nā waiwai kemika ʻokoʻa loa ma waena o nā mea ʻelua:
Nā hiʻohiʻona oʻakika glyoxylic(ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pūʻulu aldehyde):
Loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai hoʻohaʻahaʻa ikaika: hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka pūʻulu aldehyde a hiki ke hana i kahi pane aniani kālā me ka solution ammonia kālā, e hana me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka copper hydroxide i hoʻomākaukau hou ʻia e hana i kahi pōhaku ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula (cuprous oxide), a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka waikawa oxalic e nā oxidants e like me ka potassium permanganate a me ka hydrogen peroxide.
Hiki i nā pūʻulu Aldehyde ke hoʻohui i nā hopena: no ka laʻana, hiki iā lākou ke hana me ka hydrogen e hana i ka waikawa glycolic (he ʻano hoʻololi kēia ma waena o nā mea ʻelua).
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka waikawa glycolic (ma muli o ke alo o nā pūʻulu hydroxyl):
He nucleophilic nā pūʻulu hydroxyl: hiki iā lākou ke komo i nā hopena esterification intramolecular a i ʻole intermolecular me nā hui carboxyl e hana i nā esters cyclic a i ʻole polyesters (e like me ka polyglycolic acid, kahi mea polymer degradable).
Hiki ke hoʻokahe ʻia nā pūʻulu hydroxyl: akā naʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ma mua o ko nā pūʻulu aldehyde i loko o ka waikawa glyoxylic, a ʻo kahi oxidant ikaika loa (e like me ka potassium dichromate) e koi ʻia e hoʻoheheʻe i nā pūʻulu hydroxyl i nā hui aldehyde a i ʻole nā hui carboxyl.
ʻO ka ʻakika o ka pūʻulu carboxyl: Loaʻa iā lāua nā pūʻulu carboxyl a he ʻakika. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o ka hui hydroxyl o ka glycolic acid i ka hopena electron-donating ma ka hui carboxyl, a ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o kona acidity ma mua o ka glycolic acid (glycolic acid pKa≈3.18, glycolic acid pKa≈3.83).
Nā waiwai kino like ʻole
Mokuʻāina a me ka solubility:
Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe polar (e like me ka ethanol), akā ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ka polarity molekala, ʻokoʻa iki ko lākou solubilities (ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka polarity glycoxylic acid a ʻoi aʻe ka solubility i ka wai).
Lae hehee
ʻO ka helu heheʻe o ka waikawa glyoxylic ma kahi o 98 ℃, aʻo ka waika glycolic ma kahi o 78-79 ℃. Loaʻa ka ʻokoʻa mai nā pūʻali intermolecular (ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hui aldehyde o ka waikawa glyoxylic e hana i nā paʻa hydrogen me ka hui carboxyl).
Hoʻohana like ʻole
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ka ʻoihana synthesis organik, e like me ka synthesis o vanillin (flavoring), allantoin (kahi lāʻau lapaʻau no ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana i ka ʻeha), p-hydroxyphenylglycine (kahi antibiotic intermediate), etc. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i nā hopena electroplating a i nā mea hoʻonaninani (e lawe ana i ka pono o kāna mau waiwai antioxidant). Nā huahana mālama lauoho: Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopololei, kōkua ia i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā kaula lauoho i pohō a hoʻonui i ka luster lauoho (pono e hui pū ʻia me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hōʻemi i ka huhū).
Ma ke ʻano he α-hydroxy acid (AHA), ʻo kāna noi kumu ka mea nui ma ke kahua o nā huahana mālama ʻili. Hoʻohana ia ma ke ʻano he exfoliating ingredient (ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā mea pili ma waena o ka stratum corneum o ka ʻili e hāpai i ka hoʻokahe ʻana o ka ʻili make), hoʻomaikaʻi i nā pilikia e like me ka ʻili ʻili a me nā hōʻailona haki. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana textile (ma ke ʻano he bleaching agent), nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe (no ka wehe ʻana i ka pālākiō), a me ka synthesis o nā plastic degradable (polyglycolic acid).
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā kumu ʻelua mai nā pūʻulu hana: ʻo ka waikawa glyoxylic kahi hui aldehyde (me nā waiwai hoʻemi ikaika, hoʻohana ʻia i ka synthesis organik), a ʻo ka waikawa glycolic kahi hui hydroxyl (hiki ke esterified, hoʻohana ʻia i ka mālama ʻili a me nā māla waiwai). Mai ka hoʻolālā a hiki i ke ʻano a i ka noi, hōʻike lākou āpau i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma muli o kēia ʻokoʻa kumu.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-11-2025